The Relationship between Parental Characteristic and Lead Knowledge in the Minimization of Lead Exposures in Philadelphia,PA.
Abstract No:
1676
Abstract Type:
Student Poster
Authors:
T Redford1, F Grant2
Institutions:
1Walden University, Minneapolis, 2Walden University, Minneapolis, MN
Presenter:
Ms. Trina Redford, MS
Walden University
Walden University
Faculty Advisor:
Dr. Frederic Grant, PhD
Walden University
Walden University
Description:
A method for guiding lead intervention and minimizing lead exposures in
Philadelphia is through understanding the relationship between parental characteristics
such as gender, the age of parents, income, marital status and education attainment and
lead knowledge. Parental characteristic may play a significant role in the identification of
population groups where knowledge pertaining to lead exposure is inadequate. Through
awareness and intervention, we can implement preventive measures to minimization and
eliminate lead exposure. The theoretical concept of the study is Krieger ecosocial theory.
The ecosocial theory provides guidance and analyzes differences in existing health
relationships, especially those with biological and psychosocial influences. An exploratory
cross-section design explores the association between parental characteristics gender, age
of parent, income, marital status and education attainment and lead knowledge in the elimination of lead-based paint and high-risk exposure in communities of Philadelphia.
Data analysis is through descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics is
through calculation of central of tendency. Inferential statistics aids with determination of
the relationship between the dependent variable (lead knowledge) and independent variable (age of parents, gender, income, marital status and education attainment). Data analysis for the inferential statistics is through multiple variable regressions. The exploration of parental characteristics including gender, the age of parents, income, marital status and education attainment produces social change through identifying lead exposure in Philadelphia, aiding in the minimization and prevention of lead exposures in Philadelphia, PA in addition to increasing cognitive and neurological impacts for improved academic performance resulting in quality jobs and increased socioeconomic status.
Philadelphia is through understanding the relationship between parental characteristics
such as gender, the age of parents, income, marital status and education attainment and
lead knowledge. Parental characteristic may play a significant role in the identification of
population groups where knowledge pertaining to lead exposure is inadequate. Through
awareness and intervention, we can implement preventive measures to minimization and
eliminate lead exposure. The theoretical concept of the study is Krieger ecosocial theory.
The ecosocial theory provides guidance and analyzes differences in existing health
relationships, especially those with biological and psychosocial influences. An exploratory
cross-section design explores the association between parental characteristics gender, age
of parent, income, marital status and education attainment and lead knowledge in the elimination of lead-based paint and high-risk exposure in communities of Philadelphia.
Data analysis is through descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics is
through calculation of central of tendency. Inferential statistics aids with determination of
the relationship between the dependent variable (lead knowledge) and independent variable (age of parents, gender, income, marital status and education attainment). Data analysis for the inferential statistics is through multiple variable regressions. The exploration of parental characteristics including gender, the age of parents, income, marital status and education attainment produces social change through identifying lead exposure in Philadelphia, aiding in the minimization and prevention of lead exposures in Philadelphia, PA in addition to increasing cognitive and neurological impacts for improved academic performance resulting in quality jobs and increased socioeconomic status.
Situation/Problem:
According to the EPA (2018), "elevated blood levels pose a significant health and
safety threat to children, preventing them from reaching the fullest potential of their health,
intellect, and their future". Although the ban of lead transpired over 40 years in the United,
it continues to be problematic (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). This is
a result of deteriorated lead-based paint in old, poorly maintained homes which generated lead exposures (Jones, 2012). There is no safe level of exposure to lead (U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 2018). Parents play a key role in controlling the environmental
activities of their children (Dziubanek, et al., 2013). Blando, Antoine & Lefkowitz (2013)
have conducted research to understand lead awareness; however, the general public
perceptions are not accurate. Currently few studies have specifically looked at lead
knowledge with regard to the relationship between parental characteristics such as gender, the age of parents, income, marital and educational attainment. The state of Arkansas demonstrated the efficacy of lead outreach and training through workshops which contributed to the public health efforts in reducing lead exposures emanating in Arkansas communities to make intervention effective (Ferguson, Gilkey, Kern, & Jasmine, 2012). To assist communities in making lead intervention efforts effective more needs to be done to build community knowledge particularly among individuals responsible for child care (Ferguson, Gilkey, Kern, & Jasmine, 2012). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, child lead
exposures, and lead poisonings remain particularly problematic (Philadelphia Department of Public Health, 2015). Subsequently, this is a result of deteriorated paint and lead dust in homes, with rental units contributing to more than half of lead exposures (Philadelphia Department of Public Health, 2015).
safety threat to children, preventing them from reaching the fullest potential of their health,
intellect, and their future". Although the ban of lead transpired over 40 years in the United,
it continues to be problematic (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). This is
a result of deteriorated lead-based paint in old, poorly maintained homes which generated lead exposures (Jones, 2012). There is no safe level of exposure to lead (U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 2018). Parents play a key role in controlling the environmental
activities of their children (Dziubanek, et al., 2013). Blando, Antoine & Lefkowitz (2013)
have conducted research to understand lead awareness; however, the general public
perceptions are not accurate. Currently few studies have specifically looked at lead
knowledge with regard to the relationship between parental characteristics such as gender, the age of parents, income, marital and educational attainment. The state of Arkansas demonstrated the efficacy of lead outreach and training through workshops which contributed to the public health efforts in reducing lead exposures emanating in Arkansas communities to make intervention effective (Ferguson, Gilkey, Kern, & Jasmine, 2012). To assist communities in making lead intervention efforts effective more needs to be done to build community knowledge particularly among individuals responsible for child care (Ferguson, Gilkey, Kern, & Jasmine, 2012). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, child lead
exposures, and lead poisonings remain particularly problematic (Philadelphia Department of Public Health, 2015). Subsequently, this is a result of deteriorated paint and lead dust in homes, with rental units contributing to more than half of lead exposures (Philadelphia Department of Public Health, 2015).
Methods:
The quantitative data derives from interviews of passengers at eight transit stops in
Philadelphia. Selection of passengers was random; collecting information from any
passenger approaching the kiosk. Participants completing the questionnaire receive
incentives such as lead awareness pens and buttons. The in-person interviews include 32
questions (31 closed-end questionnaires and one open-end) from a modified Chicago Lead
Knowledge Test. The quantitative data enable a better understanding of the relationships associated with parental characteristics and lead knowledge through a quantitative analysis. The quantitative analysis contains descriptive and inferential statistics.
Descriptive Statistics. The dependent variable receives the calculation of the central of tendency. Measures of central of tendency provides the frequency distribution of
the data; it includes the mean, mode and median (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008). For categorical variables, the mode is most appropriate measure of central tendency. The mean is appropriate in determination of ages of parents and income.
Inferential Statistics. The inferential statistics is through multiple variable
regression of responses from the questionnaire. To better understand these larger relationships, the multivariable regression design explores the relationship between gender, the age of parents, income, marital status, and education attainment (independent variables) and lead knowledge (dependent variables in the reduction of lead exposure in Philadelphia communities. The multivariable regression method captures multi-level data (parental characteristics) relative to lead awareness and intervention in the city of Philadelphia.
Multiple variable regressions will be used to explore any potential relationships between environmental lead knowledge (dependent variable) and age of parents, gender, income and educational attainment (independent variable) in the reduction of lead in
Philadelphia communities.
Philadelphia. Selection of passengers was random; collecting information from any
passenger approaching the kiosk. Participants completing the questionnaire receive
incentives such as lead awareness pens and buttons. The in-person interviews include 32
questions (31 closed-end questionnaires and one open-end) from a modified Chicago Lead
Knowledge Test. The quantitative data enable a better understanding of the relationships associated with parental characteristics and lead knowledge through a quantitative analysis. The quantitative analysis contains descriptive and inferential statistics.
Descriptive Statistics. The dependent variable receives the calculation of the central of tendency. Measures of central of tendency provides the frequency distribution of
the data; it includes the mean, mode and median (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008). For categorical variables, the mode is most appropriate measure of central tendency. The mean is appropriate in determination of ages of parents and income.
Inferential Statistics. The inferential statistics is through multiple variable
regression of responses from the questionnaire. To better understand these larger relationships, the multivariable regression design explores the relationship between gender, the age of parents, income, marital status, and education attainment (independent variables) and lead knowledge (dependent variables in the reduction of lead exposure in Philadelphia communities. The multivariable regression method captures multi-level data (parental characteristics) relative to lead awareness and intervention in the city of Philadelphia.
Multiple variable regressions will be used to explore any potential relationships between environmental lead knowledge (dependent variable) and age of parents, gender, income and educational attainment (independent variable) in the reduction of lead in
Philadelphia communities.
Results / Conclusions:
Multiple linear regression analyzes the relationship between lead knowledge and
parental characteristics (sex, age, race, education, income and marital status) to determine statistical significance between the predictor variable (lead knowledge) and demographic variables (parental characteristics). All demographic variables were statistically significance. The results indicated the demographic variables did contribute to the variation in lead knowledge scores. The demographic variable of education is a VIF predicator of lead knowledge.
There were several limitations to the study. First, there was generality of the results.
Participants were selected via convenience sampling. This method incurred challenges due to the multitude of personnel at entrances, egress, and kiosk. Secondly, randomization was difficult due to personnel wearing earphones. Personnel wearing earphones were unapproachable and inattentive to the interviewers request to participate in the research. Third, each transit location lacked variability in ethnicity, participants were African Americans. A fourth challenge was the transit stops did not provide demographic
information relative to personnel living in high risk lead areas whom did not rely on the
transit system. Lastly, the collection of the minimum questionnaire presented challenges
at a some of the transit stops.
Although the minimum questionnaire were obtained at each location, it took eight
hours to collect information. Subsequently, the questionnaire lacked variability in other
language. A significant number of participants lacked knowledge on the age of their home,
in addition to knowledge of their child being tested for lead.
There are several recommendations to facilitate future research. First, the questionnaires shall be in a location where there is an abundance of children and parents residing in zip codes with elevated lead levels, in addition ethnicities, incomes, and languages. One feasible location is area schools (public and private). Area schools present an array of demographics for the exploration of parental characteristics. Secondly, public health centers should partner with school district to provide mechanisms to ensure children are lead tested and parents have cognizant knowledge pertaining to the age of their homes and associated risk. Lastly, there needs to be a policy directive for
children entering school to be lead tested, in addition to homes undergoing renovations
where children reside. Workplaces with le for employees working with lead in addition to children in homes under six. Employers
shall partner with public health agencies to minimizie take home lead exposures. Lastly,
building material suppliers should provide literature pertaining to the hazards associated
with home renovations and lead exposure. The minimization of lead hazards in our
communities are effortless without knowledge of the risks and mechanisms to remediate them.
parental characteristics (sex, age, race, education, income and marital status) to determine statistical significance between the predictor variable (lead knowledge) and demographic variables (parental characteristics). All demographic variables were statistically significance. The results indicated the demographic variables did contribute to the variation in lead knowledge scores. The demographic variable of education is a VIF predicator of lead knowledge.
There were several limitations to the study. First, there was generality of the results.
Participants were selected via convenience sampling. This method incurred challenges due to the multitude of personnel at entrances, egress, and kiosk. Secondly, randomization was difficult due to personnel wearing earphones. Personnel wearing earphones were unapproachable and inattentive to the interviewers request to participate in the research. Third, each transit location lacked variability in ethnicity, participants were African Americans. A fourth challenge was the transit stops did not provide demographic
information relative to personnel living in high risk lead areas whom did not rely on the
transit system. Lastly, the collection of the minimum questionnaire presented challenges
at a some of the transit stops.
Although the minimum questionnaire were obtained at each location, it took eight
hours to collect information. Subsequently, the questionnaire lacked variability in other
language. A significant number of participants lacked knowledge on the age of their home,
in addition to knowledge of their child being tested for lead.
There are several recommendations to facilitate future research. First, the questionnaires shall be in a location where there is an abundance of children and parents residing in zip codes with elevated lead levels, in addition ethnicities, incomes, and languages. One feasible location is area schools (public and private). Area schools present an array of demographics for the exploration of parental characteristics. Secondly, public health centers should partner with school district to provide mechanisms to ensure children are lead tested and parents have cognizant knowledge pertaining to the age of their homes and associated risk. Lastly, there needs to be a policy directive for
children entering school to be lead tested, in addition to homes undergoing renovations
where children reside. Workplaces with le for employees working with lead in addition to children in homes under six. Employers
shall partner with public health agencies to minimizie take home lead exposures. Lastly,
building material suppliers should provide literature pertaining to the hazards associated
with home renovations and lead exposure. The minimization of lead hazards in our
communities are effortless without knowledge of the risks and mechanisms to remediate them.
Primary Topic:
Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology
Secondary Topics:
Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology
Co-Authors
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Acknowledgements and References
List any additional people who worked on the project or provided guidance and support along with details on the role they played in the research. (Please include first name, last name, organization, city, state and country).
Practical Application
How will this help advance the science of IH/OH?
and lead knowledge in Philadelphia communities. The exploration of parental
characteristics including gender, the age of parents, income, marital status and educational
attainment provide a mechanism to identify population groups where information about lead exposure is inadequate. Lead exposure is an old problem that continues to plague
lower socioeconomics communities that lack continued awareness and prevention; the Lead exposure is an old problem that continues to plague
lower socioeconomics communities that lack continued awareness and prevention; the exploration of parental characteristics including gender, the age of parents, income, marital
status and education attainment that serves as a mechanism for the education of
communities to aid in minimization and elimination of lead exposure.